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Looking for Nietzsche's Last Man

I turned on the television in my hotel room Monday night, and sure enough, there was Richard Dawkins on the Bill Maher show. With those two atheist know-it-alls, I knew I was in for something especially dark and perverted, and I wasn't disappointed. Dawkins--speaking from England and wearing his trademark scowl--remarked to Maher's great amusement that he was going to have witnesses and camera crews to record his death. Why? Because apparently religious types keep saying that atheists convert on their deathbed. Dawkins wants people and film crews there to verify that he isn't going to convert. What bravery! What intellectual panache!

Lab-trained atheists like Dawkins, who have hardly any knowledge of history, seem to think that transcendence--the notion of something eternal, something "higher" than this life--is an invention of revealed religion. This is pure ignorance. An ethical code like Confucianism preserves transcendence without recourse to the gods. We also find this concept in Indian philosophy, quite apart from Hinduism. Even the Greek philosophers, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were hardly religious in the sense that we understand the term, resolutely affirmed the idea of eternal truths and transcendent realities. And here is the romantic poet Wordsworth, hardly a Christian, writing that "our destiny, our nature, and our home is with Infinitude--and only there."

In his latest book A Secular Age, philosopher Charles Taylor discusses how transcendence is not merely about the afterlife or the next world. The idea has for two thousand years given depth to our terrestrial existence. For instance, transcendence implies that life has meaning beyond our everyday ups and downs. Transcendence also affirms cosmic justice: there is a final reckoning in which earthly wrongs will be corrected and everything will be turned right-side-up. In life, we know that this is not always the case. So transcendence gives us what Kant called "a reason to hope."

What happens when you get rid of transcendence? Nietzsche worried that you get petty, narrow, selfish and grasping human beings, what he termed the "last men." The last man has no higher aspirations but only thinks of his own comfort, lust and acquisitions. His morality is largely a pose, designed to make himself feel good. He cheats on his wife and enriches himself under the table while making exhibitionistic donations to the United Way. He is fiercely defensive about his vices and pathologies, and responds very angrily when they are pointed out. No, I'm not naming names here and so you shouldn't think "Bill Clinton." I am thinking of a social type that Camus regarded as modern European man. Camus described modern man as one who thinks no higher thoughts but merely "fornicates and reads the newspapers."

What Nietzsche and Camus regarded as a horror, the writer Michael Kinsley seems to regard as the most successful products of the Baby Boom generation. In an article in the April 7, 2008 New Yorker, Kinsley describes the great Baby Boom challenge: not to save the world or to ennoble your soul but merely to live the longest. This is a game you win not by having the most money or the most toys but by outlasting your cohort. If your genital equipment is still working, Kinsley suggests, so much the better. To bring Clinton into the discussion at last, if the Arkansas wonder can make it into his eighties and still speak at the World Economic Forum and get babes, he will be crowned master of the Baby Boom universe. Kinsley's article is titled, "Mine is Longer Than Yours," and you can read it here.

Kinsley himself has Parkinson's Disease, and he frets that he is falling behind in the Baby Boom race. Even his article shows traces of this atrophy: notwithstanding a few halting attempts, it is notably lacking in Kinsley's usual smart-alecky tone. I guess it's not so easy to crack jokes when your voice is failing and your body parts are giving up. Yes, it's sad. For Kinsley the solution lies entirely in pills and cures that he hopes will extend his tenure on the track a little longer, although he fears that modern science won't come through in time for him. And here is what I find most unfortunate: entirely missing from Kinsley's article is any notion of a universe beyond himself, of any transcendent hope that can sustain him when other earthly prospects are running down.

This is the pathos of secularism, a predicament that I wish Kinsley, Dawkins, Maher, Hitchens and others would recognize. If they were open to transcendence, they might find themselves with an altered outlook even in this life. Kinsley might find genuine consolation and meaning, even in the midst of suffering. Hitchens might drink for pleasure, not to destroy his body and drown his desperation. Maher's corrosive narcissm might let up enough to permit real happiness to sneak in. Dawkins might lose his constipated expression and actually smile once in a while. It all seems very improbable, I know, but miracles do happen.

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Mo Rocca appears on a bunch of shows, including CBS News Sunday Morning (with the indescribably wonderful Charles Osgood), The Tonight Show on NBC, and NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! He's a sometime judge on Iron Chef and was featured on Telemundo's Amore Descarado. Last year he starred on Broadway in the 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. His expose "All the President's Pets" was published by Crown in 2004.



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News Bloggers

Mo Rocca appears on a bunch of shows, including CBS News Sunday Morning (with the indescribably wonderful Charles Osgood), The Tonight Show on NBC, and NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! He's a sometime judge on Iron Chef and was featured on Telemundo's Amore Descarado. Last year he starred on Broadway in the 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. His expose "All the President's Pets" was published by Crown in 2004.

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